TY - JOUR
T1 - Artificial intelligence for predictive biomarker discovery in immuno-oncology
T2 - a systematic review
AU - Prelaj, A.
AU - Miskovic, V.
AU - Zanitti, M.
AU - Trovo, F.
AU - Genova, C.
AU - Viscardi, G.
AU - Rebuzzi, S. E.
AU - Mazzeo, L.
AU - Provenzano, L.
AU - Kosta, S.
AU - Favali, M.
AU - Spagnoletti, A.
AU - Castelo-Branco, L.
AU - Dolezal, J.
AU - Pearson, A. T.
AU - Lo Russo, G.
AU - Proto, C.
AU - Ganzinelli, M.
AU - Giani, C.
AU - Ambrosini, E.
AU - Turajlic, S.
AU - Au, L.
AU - Koopman, M.
AU - Delaloge, S.
AU - Kather, J. N.
AU - de Braud, F.
AU - Garassino, M. C.
AU - Pentheroudakis, G.
AU - Spencer, C.
AU - Pedrocchi, A. L.G.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 European Society for Medical Oncology
PY - 2024/1/1
Y1 - 2024/1/1
N2 - Background: The widespread use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionised treatment of multiple cancer types. However, selecting patients who may benefit from ICI remains challenging. Artificial intelligence (AI) approaches allow exploitation of high-dimension oncological data in research and development of precision immuno-oncology. Materials and methods: We conducted a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed original articles studying the ICI efficacy prediction in cancer patients across five data modalities: genomics (including genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics), radiomics, digital pathology (pathomics), and real-world and multimodality data. Results: A total of 90 studies were included in this systematic review, with 80% published in 2021-2022. Among them, 37 studies included genomic, 20 radiomic, 8 pathomic, 20 real-world, and 5 multimodal data. Standard machine learning (ML) methods were used in 72% of studies, deep learning (DL) methods in 22%, and both in 6%. The most frequently studied cancer type was non-small-cell lung cancer (36%), followed by melanoma (16%), while 25% included pan-cancer studies. No prospective study design incorporated AI-based methodologies from the outset; rather, all implemented AI as a post hoc analysis. Novel biomarkers for ICI in radiomics and pathomics were identified using AI approaches, and molecular biomarkers have expanded past genomics into transcriptomics and epigenomics. Finally, complex algorithms and new types of AI-based markers, such as meta-biomarkers, are emerging by integrating multimodal/multi-omics data. Conclusion: AI-based methods have expanded the horizon for biomarker discovery, demonstrating the power of integrating multimodal data from existing datasets to discover new meta-biomarkers. While most of the included studies showed promise for AI-based prediction of benefit from immunotherapy, none provided high-level evidence for immediate practice change. A priori planned prospective trial designs are needed to cover all lifecycle steps of these software biomarkers, from development and validation to integration into clinical practice.
AB - Background: The widespread use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionised treatment of multiple cancer types. However, selecting patients who may benefit from ICI remains challenging. Artificial intelligence (AI) approaches allow exploitation of high-dimension oncological data in research and development of precision immuno-oncology. Materials and methods: We conducted a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed original articles studying the ICI efficacy prediction in cancer patients across five data modalities: genomics (including genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics), radiomics, digital pathology (pathomics), and real-world and multimodality data. Results: A total of 90 studies were included in this systematic review, with 80% published in 2021-2022. Among them, 37 studies included genomic, 20 radiomic, 8 pathomic, 20 real-world, and 5 multimodal data. Standard machine learning (ML) methods were used in 72% of studies, deep learning (DL) methods in 22%, and both in 6%. The most frequently studied cancer type was non-small-cell lung cancer (36%), followed by melanoma (16%), while 25% included pan-cancer studies. No prospective study design incorporated AI-based methodologies from the outset; rather, all implemented AI as a post hoc analysis. Novel biomarkers for ICI in radiomics and pathomics were identified using AI approaches, and molecular biomarkers have expanded past genomics into transcriptomics and epigenomics. Finally, complex algorithms and new types of AI-based markers, such as meta-biomarkers, are emerging by integrating multimodal/multi-omics data. Conclusion: AI-based methods have expanded the horizon for biomarker discovery, demonstrating the power of integrating multimodal data from existing datasets to discover new meta-biomarkers. While most of the included studies showed promise for AI-based prediction of benefit from immunotherapy, none provided high-level evidence for immediate practice change. A priori planned prospective trial designs are needed to cover all lifecycle steps of these software biomarkers, from development and validation to integration into clinical practice.
KW - artificial intelligence
KW - immunotherapy
KW - multimodal
KW - multiomics
KW - real-world
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85179175599&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.annonc.2023.10.125
DO - 10.1016/j.annonc.2023.10.125
M3 - Review article
C2 - 37879443
AN - SCOPUS:85179175599
SN - 0923-7534
VL - 35
SP - 29
EP - 65
JO - Annals of Oncology
JF - Annals of Oncology
IS - 1
ER -