Ear tumors: Surgical aspects

Background: The ear and the petrous pyramid extend from the external auricle to the center of the cranial cavity, featuring a complex anatomy and significant neurovascular relationships. The ear houses essential structures involved in hearing, balance, and facial mobility. Due to its rich histological composition, the ear can be affected by a wide range of tumors, from benign lesions to aggressive cancers. Materials and methods: This narrative literature review provides an overview of the specific anatomy of the ear and the petrous portion of the temporal bone, followed by a description of the various benign and malignant tumors that may develop in this region. The main surgical techniques, the sequelae they may cause, and the available rehabilitation options are also detailed. Key findings: Benign tumors of the ear are primarily represented by vestibular schwannomas, which affect the internal auditory canal and the cerebellopontine angle. Malignant tumors vary in frequency, ranging from the very common cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the auricle to rare tumors specific to the labyrinth. The complex anatomy of the ear, the essential functions of its structures, and the low incidence of these tumors make their diagnosis and management particularly challenging. Any therapeutic decision must be carefully evaluated, considering the potential sequelae it may cause. Depending on the location of the lesion — whether superficial or deep — surgical challenges range from aesthetic concerns to functional complications and even life-threatening risks. Conclusion: The consequences of surgery, as well as available rehabilitation options, should be discussed within a multidisciplinary team before being presented to the patient to optimize management.