Myeloid Sarcoma of the Nasopharynx Mimicking an Aggressive Lymphoma

Background: Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a rare extra-medullary tumour of the myeloid lineage, which can be a difficult diagnosis to make. Case presentation: We report the case of a 73-year-old male with a right-sided nasopharyngeal mass revealed on CT scan and MRI. Results: An initial cytological and histological examination suggested a high-grade lymphoma. Nevertheless, the final diagnosis was a MS with an unusual involvement of the nasopharynx that was treated with a conventional induction leukemia therapy. Eight months later, the patient had persistent thrombocytopenia and a bone marrow aspiration showed the dysplasia of a high grade myelodysplastic syndrome and cytogenetics detected t(3;21). The patient was treated with a 5-Azacitidine (Vidaza) protocol until overt progression and disease evolution. Conclusion: In conclusion few cases of MS involving the nasopharynx have been reported. Its diagnosis is often difficult and should be considered especially when a high index of suspicion is present and the immunophenotype of the malignant haematological cells is not clearly in favour of a lymphoma.