Radiolabeling of DNA can induce its fragmentation in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemic cells

Incorporation of radiolabeled thymidine is commonly used to investigate DNA damage. Using a filter-binding assay, we observed that the addition of various doses of [methyl-³H]thymidine (0.2 and 2 μCi/ml) or [2-¹⁴C]thymidine (0.02 and 0.2 μCi/ml) in the culture medium for 2 days, a standard method for cell-labeling, induces DNA fragmentation in HL-60 human promyelocytic cells. This effect was dose- and time-dependent and the DNA fragments were not protein-linked since the levels of DNA fragmentation were identical in the presence and in the absence of proteinase K (0.5 mg/ml). Radiolabeled thymidine-induced DNA fragmentation was associated with an inhibition of cell growth, but cells remained able to exclude trypan blue, suggesting that plasma membrane integrity was conserved, except at very high doses of [methyl-³H]thymidine (2 μCi/ml). By agarose-gel electrophoresis, the DNA-fragmentation was demonstrated to be internucleosomal with a typical ladder pattern. Addition of unlabeled thymidine to the culture medium prevented DNA fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that radiolabeled thymidine incorporation in DNA was directly responsible for DNA fragmentation. We conclude that radiolabeling of DNA using thymidine incorporation can induce DNA fragmentation in some cell lines such as HL-60. This observation must be taken into account in methods using radiolabeling to study DNA damage in these cells.